Falacie - chybné argumenty
Falešných argumentů je celá řada. Uvádím zde pouze základní, téměř všem lidem známe argumenty, kterým je třeba se vyhýbat, chceme-li působit věrohodně a schopně vést argumentaci bez využívání falacií.
Pro prostudování více falacii doporučuji klasifikaci neformálních falešných závěrů Petera A. Angelese - Dictionary of philosophy, Barnes&Noble, 1981 (překlad od Aleše Zemana na stránce: http://www.britskelisty.cz/9901/19990122j.html#09 )
Ad baculum = argument klacku
Jedná se o chybný argument, kdy je využíváno výhružek. Zapříčiní strach, zlobu, způsobí odklon od logické argumentace.
Např.: "Neštvi mě nebo tě zabiju."
Tu quoque = ty také
Např.: "Tvůj otec je práskač," "Co ty budeš vykládat o mém otci, že je práskač, když tvůj udává koho může a klidně by potopil vlastní rodinu."
Ad hominem = k člověku
Slovní útok na člověka, na jeho záporné vlastnosti, charakter, kvalifikaci apod. Odvádí od konkrétního problému.
Např.: "Co ty o tom můžeš vědět s tvým IQ." "Jak jí můžeš věřit, když dělala striptérku."
Ad ignorantiam = k neznalosti
Při použití ad ignorantiam využíváme neznalosti a nedostatku informací toho druhého. Tvrzení je považováno za pravdu, protože nebyl dokázán opak, je o opaku nedostatek důkazů (nemáme dostatečné informace o tom, že pravdivé není).
Např.: "Bůh je, protože nikdo nedokázal, že není." "Bůh není, protože nikdo nedokázal, že je."
Ad misericordiam = k lítosti
Jedná se o útok na city, hledání soucitu.
Např.: "Jestli mě máš rád, tak mi nebudeš zakazovat stýkat se s Alenou." "Když mi nedáte lepší známku, nepříjmou mě na střední školu."
Ad populum = k lidu
Argumentace zaměřená na získání si lidí. Nejčastější jsou zde sliby, populární výroky. Využívá emocí davu, snaha vnutit lidem myšlenku bez logické podpory této myšlenky.
Např.: "Všichni jsme na jedné lodi, musíme držet spolu."
Ad verecundiam = k autoritě
Vytvoření falešné autority, odvolávání se na ní. Naopak také zpochybnění autority.
Např.: "Je správné hlasovat pro ODS, protože ODS podporuje Lucie Bílá."
Anfibolie
Věty s dvojím smyslem, jež mají špatnou gramatickou konstrukci. Chybná argumentace se projevuje v nejastnosti.
Např.: "Zabil vojáka na stráži." (Byl zabit voják, který strážil? Nebo zabil vojáka ten, kdo strážil?
Nón causa pro causa
Argumentace falešnou příčinou.
Např.: "Lidé, jež pijí kávu, jsou více ve stresu. Lidé vystresovaní mají větší předpoklad, že umřou na infarkt. Lidé, jež pijí kávu, zemřou na infarkt."
Consensus gentium
Jedná se o argumentaci, kde využíváme mínění většiny lidu, že prohlášená myšlenka je pravdivá nebo také mínění, které zastávali lidé všech dob.
Např.: "Celá škola věří, že jsi to ukradl, tak jsi to ukradl." "Každá kultura má svého Boha, tedy Bůj existuje."
Zaujaté otázky
Otázky na něž se odpovídá pouze ano nebo ne, ale odpověď je zavádějící díky špatné struktuře otázky.
Např.: "Biješ ještě své děti?" - I když odpovíme ne, vyplyne z odpovědi, že dříve jsme děti bili. Je třeba v tomto případě nenechat se vtáhnout k jednoduché odpovědi, ale odpovědět celou větou: "Ne, nebiji své děti a nikdy jsem je nebil."
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Re: Bětula
(Deleite, 11. 8. 2009 0:55)Děkuji, vítám každou opravu, které se mi dostane. Přiznávám, že na chyby jsem dost nepozorná, i když si po sobě čtu vše několikrát za sebou :-).
chybky
(bětula, 10. 8. 2009 3:10)
našla jsem 2 chybky:
striptérku
Lidé, jež pijí kávu, jsou více ve stresu. Lidé, jež pijí kávu, zemřou na infarkt.
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